The Canadian Pharmacogenomics Network for Drug Safety.

The Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group.

The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium.

Fortunately, progress has been made in this area and several organisations now develop guidance to support prescribing where a drug–gene association is established. One of the main barriers to the implementation of pharmacogenomics in clinical practice has been the translation of pharmacogenomic knowledge to that which is actionable and usable in the clinic It looks at how an individual’s genes influence a particular biological process that mediates the effects of a medicine Pharmacogenomics is an emerging field that studies how genes affect a person’s response to medicines Therefore, the combination of this pharmacogenomic information along with other factors influencing pharmaceutical care may provide an opportunity to deliver more ‘personalised’ medicine, facilitating better selection and reducing the need for ‘trial and error’ prescribing. However, pharmacogenomics can provide the prescriber with additional information on some of the unobserved patient characteristics that affect drug response - this can assist with both drug selection and safety. Knowing exactly which medicine to use for a patient and which to avoid can be a challenging task in clinical practice. However, it is estimated that genetic factors could contribute to between 25% and 50% of inappropriate drug responses Pharmacists’ advice currently relies on knowledge of observable patient characteristics, such as age, weight, comorbidities and concurrent medicines, while largely disregarding genetics. This coincides with the NHS Genomic Medicine Service, which will be rolled out across England from April 2020, meaning that the routine use of genomic screening and personalised treatments will become the norm in the NHS, There was also a focus on delivering value from medicines and reducing avoidable medicines related-harm, which costs the NHS a minimum of £98.5m per year

In January 2019, the UK government unveiled the ‘NHS long-term plan’, which emphasised the role pharmacists can play in promoting patient self-care

Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research.

International Journal of Pharmacy Practice.

Antimicrobial resistance and stewardship.

Doctors in training cyp450 inducer